ADR430/ADR431/ADR433/ADR434/ADR435/ADR439
+V
DD
V
IN
2
R
LW
V
IN
A1
V
OUT
6
GND
4
+
2
V
IN
6 V
OUT
V
OUT
SENSE
R
LW
V
OUT
FORCE
R
L
ADR43x
GND
4
A1
–V
REF
04500-0-006
A1 = OP191
Figure 35. Advantage of Kelvin Connection
DUAL POLARITY REFERENCES
Dual polarity references can easily be made with an op amp and
a pair of resistors. In order not to defeat the accuracy obtained
by ADR43x, it is imperative to match the resistance tolerance as
well as the temperature coefficient of all the components.
V
IN
1
µ
F
0.1
µ
F
2
–V
DD
A1 = OP777, OP193
Figure 33. Negative Reference
HIGH VOLTAGE FLOATING CURRENT SOURCE
The circuit in Figure 34 can be used to generate a floating
current source with minimal self-heating. This particular
configuration can operate on high supply voltages determined
by the breakdown voltage of the N-channel JFET.
+V
S
SST111
VISHAY
V
IN
V
OUT
6
R1
10k
Ω
+10V
TRIM
5
V+
R2
10k
Ω
04500-0-008
ADR43x
+5V
ADR435
U1
GND
4
OP1177
V
IN
U2
V–
–5V
04500-0-009
ADR43x
V
OUT
OP90
GND
R
L
2.1kΩ
–V
S
R3
5k
Ω
–10V
2N3904
Figure 36. +5 V and −5 V References Using ADR435
+2.5V
04500-0-007
+10V
2
V
IN
U1
V
OUT
6
R1
5.6kΩ
Figure 34. High Voltage Floating Current Source
ADR435
GND
4
KELVIN CONNECTIONS
In many portable instrumentation applications where PC board
cost and area go hand-in-hand, circuit interconnects are very
often of dimensionally minimum width. These narrow lines can
cause large voltage drops if the voltage reference is required to
provide load currents to various functions. In fact, a circuit’s
interconnects can exhibit a typical line resistance of 0.45 mΩ/
square (1 oz. Cu, for example). Force and sense connections,
also referred to as Kelvin connections, offer a convenient
method of eliminating the effects of voltage drops in circuit
wires. Load currents flowing through wiring resistance produce
an error (V
ERROR
= R × I
L
) at the load. However, the Kelvin
connection of Figure 35 overcomes the problem by including
the wiring resistance within the forcing loop of the op amp.
Because the op amp senses the load voltage, the op amp loop
control forces the output to compensate for the wiring error and
to produce the correct voltage at the load.
TRIM
5
R2
5.6kΩ
V+
OP1177
–2.5V
04500-0-010
U2
V–
–10V
Figure 37. +2.5 V and −2.5 V References Using ADR435
Rev. B | Page 17 of 24
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