for example due to changes in Cs or Cx over the operating
temperature range.
Figure 2-2 shows the response from a horizontal strip of
the same surface area; the signal exhibits a very rapid rise
in signal between points l1 and l2. Variations in circuit
gain or signal drift have much less of an effect on the trip
point with this orientation.
In some cases (thin walled vessels for example) it may be
sufficient to have a small round or square electrode patch
on the exterior.
Figure 2-3 shows the response from a twin-level external
electrode set. The use of two horizontal electrode planes
or tiers creates well-defined trip points that can be used to
sense both 'low' and 'high' levels. A crossing of threshold
T1 will be reflected in the OUT1 signal, while T2 will be
reflected on OUT2.
Sign a l
l
2
T
1
l
1
T
1
Le ve l
l
1
l
2
Figure 2-1 Signal vs. Level for an External Vertical Strip
S ig na l
2.1 EXTERNAL ELECTRODES
External electrodes should be electrically conductive;
metal foils and conductive carbon are both possible. Care
should be taken that other objects or people near the
vessel will not touch the electrode; in some cases
shielding around the electrode with grounded metal will be
required to prevent disturbances. If used, the shield
element should be spaced apart from the electrode by an
air gap or a low-density foam to reduce Cx loading.
The required surface area of the external electrode will
depend on the amount of signal needed to bracket the
detection threshold, which in turn will depend in part on Cs
and stray Cx. External electrodes sensing through thick
walls and/or sensing low permittivity fluids will require
larger surface areas than those sensing water through thin
plastic, for example. External electrodes are more likely to
require potentiometer trimming to achieve reliable
operation (Figure 1-1, also Section 3.2).
l
1
l
2
T
1
T
1
Le ve l
l
1
l
2
Figure 2-2 Signal vs. Level for an External Horizontal Strip
Sign a l
T
2
l
3
l
4
T
2
Note that external electrodes used with conductive
solutions (i.e. aqueous liquids) do not measure the
T
1
l
T
1
permittivity of the fluid: they actually measure the
l
1 2
permittivity of the vessel wall, between 2 plates: the
Le ve l
electrode (plate 1) and the fluid (plate 2, effectively a
l
3
l
4
l
1
l
2
variable-area ground plate): if the fluid were to be replaced
with mercury the signal would be unchanged. A 20%
Figure 2-3 Signal vs. Level for Twin Horizontal Strips
thickness variation in the vessel wall will therefore
introduce about a 20% variation in the resulting
capacitance; if the vessel wall cannot be controlled
2.2.1 D
ISC
P
ROBES
accurately enough in production, serious sensing errors may The simplest internal geometry is probably a disc probe
(Figure 2-4), having at least one planar surface ('tier')
occur.
parallel to the fluid surface. The sensing error can be
When external electrodes are used to sense non-aqueous minimized by making the tier thin, so that the signal
substances (like oils or gasoline), the vessel wall dielectric transitions abruptly higher (see Figure 2-2) as the fluid
becomes a lessor contributor to the overall signal, which is covers the tier.
then heavily dominated by the permittivity of the fluid. The
A notable difficulty with disc probes is the task of insulating
lower the permittivity of the fluid the greater its dominance.
them with a uniform, repeatable thickness of insulation.
2.2 INTERNAL PROBES
When used with aqueous fluids or other electrically
conducting liquids, internal probes should be insulated with a
plastic layer. See also Section 2.1 for a discussion of
electrodes when used with conductive fluids. Aqueous
probes should be 100% insulated, even on the cut end of a
wire probe. The slightest pinhole of exposed metal anywhere
on an immersed part of the probe will immediately convert
the probe into a bare-metal probe (see Section 2.2.5).
Numerous types of internal point-level probes are possible.
2.2.2 S
PIRAL
W
IRE
P
ROBES
A spiral solid-wire probe is simple to construct (Figure 2-5),
and has the advantage of being pre-insulated in a wide
choice of plastics from inexpensive PVC to PTFE. These
probe types provide a large step-function of capacitance
localized at the desired trip point, and are easy to form.
Spiral wire probes are most effective in water-based fluids;
they are not as effective in oils and other nonconductive
substances.
-3-
QUANTUM [ QUANTUM RESEARCH GROUP ]
