HꢀSURPꢀ LIꢀ SUHVHQWꢅꢀ EXWꢀ RQO\ꢀ LIꢀ 'DWDꢀ /RFNLQJꢀ >)ꢉE@ꢀ LVꢀ RQꢉꢀ ꢀ 7KH
PRGHꢀFDQꢀEHꢀFKDQJHGꢀDWꢀDQ\ꢀWLPHꢀDQGꢀLVꢀDXWRPDWLFDOO\ꢀVWRUHG
DJDLQꢀ LQWRꢀ WKHꢀ HꢀSURPꢅꢀ RYHUZULWLQJꢀ WKHꢀ SULRUꢀ PRGHꢉꢀ ꢀ ,Iꢀ 'DWD
/RFNLQJꢀLVꢀVHWꢀWRꢀꢃꢀRUꢀꢁꢅꢀRUꢀLIꢀWKHꢀHꢀSURPꢀLVꢀDEVHQWꢅꢀWKHꢀXQLWꢀZLOO
DOZD\VꢀSRZHUꢀXSꢀLQꢀ%*ꢀPRGHꢀDQGꢀSHUIRUPꢀDꢀIXOOꢀFDOLEUDWLRQꢀRQ
VWDUWXSꢉ
)RUFLQJꢀWRꢀ%*ꢀPRGHꢀIURPꢀ%*ꢅ2%-ꢀPRGHꢄꢀꢀ,Iꢀ,&ꢀLVꢀLQꢀ%*ꢑ2%-
PRGHꢀDQGꢀLWꢀLVꢀGHVLUHGꢀWRꢀFKDQJHꢀWKHꢀPRGHꢀWRꢀ³SXUHꢀ%*´ꢀPRGHꢔ
HYRNHꢀ WKHꢀ %*ꢀ OLQHꢀ IRUꢀ !ꢄꢉꢒꢀ VHFRQGVꢉꢀ ꢀ $IWHUꢀ WKHꢀ %*ꢀ OLQHꢀ JRHV
KLJKꢅꢀ WKHꢀ67$7ꢀ OLQHꢀZLOOꢀJRꢀ ³VROLGꢀKLJK´ꢀ IRUꢀôꢀVHFRQGꢀ DQGꢀWKH
GHYLFHꢀZLOOꢀWKHQꢀUHFDOꢉꢀꢀ$WꢀWKLVꢀSRLQWꢀLWꢀZLOOꢀEHꢀLQꢀ³SXUHꢀ%*´ꢀPRGHꢉ
,Iꢀ67$7ꢀGRHVꢀQRWꢀJRꢀ³VROLGꢀKLJK´ꢅꢀWKHꢀOLQHꢀZDVꢀQRWꢀHYRNHGꢀORQJ
HQRXJKꢉ
#ꢀ!ꢁꢁF74=ꢁC>ꢁDB4ꢁ4027ꢁ<>34
0RGHꢀVHOHFWLRQꢀGHSHQGVꢀRQꢀWKHꢀVHQVLQJꢀHIIHFWꢀGHVLUHGꢉ
#ꢀ#ꢁꢁ16ꢂ>19ꢁ<>34ꢁ34C08;B
7RꢀHQWHUꢀ%*ꢑ2%-ꢀPRGHꢔ
2%-ꢄꢀ ꢀ 8VHꢀ IRUꢀ GHWHFWLQJꢀ REMHFWVꢀ WKDWꢀ JHQHUDWHꢀ ODUJHꢀ VLJQDOVꢅ
DQGꢀZKHUHꢀOLWWOHꢀ SURFHVVLQJꢀILQHVVHꢀLVꢀUHTXLUHGꢉꢀ ꢀ(YRNLQJꢀ2%-
ZLOOꢀ WULJJHUꢀ Dꢀ ³OHDUQꢀ E\ꢀ H[DPSOH´ꢀ DQGꢀ VHWꢀ WKHꢀ WKUHVKROG
DXWRPDWLFDOO\ꢅꢀDQGꢀVWRUHꢀWKDWꢀVHWWLQJꢀLQWRꢀWKHꢀHꢀSURPꢀLIꢀSUHVHQWꢉ
,Iꢀ QRꢀ HꢀSURPꢀ LVꢀ SUHVHQWꢅꢀ WKLVꢀ PRGHꢀ PXVWꢀ EHꢀ HQWHUHGꢀ DQG
UHFDOLEUDWHGꢀDIWHUꢀHDFKꢀSRZHUꢀXSꢀE\ꢀHYRNLQJꢀ2%-ꢉ
ꢄꢉ)ROORZLQJꢀDꢀSRZHUXSꢅꢀHYRNHꢀ%*ꢀZKHQꢀWKHꢀNQRZQ
EDFNJURXQGꢀVLJQDOꢀOHYHOꢀLVꢀSUHVHQWꢀꢇREMHFWꢀWRꢀEHꢀGHWHFWHG
LVꢀDEVHQWꢈꢉꢀꢀ(YRNLQJꢀ%*ꢀZLOOꢀPDNHꢀWKHꢀ,&ꢀUHFDOLEUDWHꢀDQG
ILQGVꢀLWVꢀQHZꢀEDFNJURXQGꢀUHIHUHQFHꢀOHYHOꢉ
ꢊꢉ7KHQꢅꢀZLWKꢀDꢀWDUJHWꢀVLJQDOꢀSUHVHQWꢀꢇWDUJHWꢀREMHFWꢀSODFHGꢀDW
WKHꢀIXUWKHVWꢀGLVWDQFHꢀRIꢀGHVLUHGꢀGHWHFWLRQꢈꢀHYRNHꢀ2%-ꢉ
8QLWꢀWKHQꢀOHDUQVꢀWKHꢀFRUUHFWꢀWKUHVKROGꢀDQGꢀVHWVꢀK\VWHUHVLV
OHYHOVꢀDFFRUGLQJꢀWRꢀ6HOHFWꢀ>ꢄ@ꢀꢇ+\VWHUHVLVꢈꢉ
%*ꢅ2%-ꢄꢀ ꢀ )RUꢀ ³OHDUQꢀ E\ꢀ H[DPSOH´ꢀ FDOLEUDWLRQꢀ ZLWKꢀ FRQWLQXRXV
EDFNJURXQGꢀGULIWꢀFRPSHQVDWLRQꢉꢀꢀ7KLVꢀPRGHꢀFDQꢀEHꢀWKRXJKWꢀRI
DVꢀDꢀK\EULGꢀEHWZHHQꢀWKHꢀµSXUH¶ꢀ%*ꢀDQGꢀ2%-ꢀPRGHVꢉꢀꢀ,WꢀUHTXLUHV
WZRꢀ LQSXWꢀ FRPPDQGVꢅꢀ RQHꢀ ILUVWꢀ RQꢀ WKHꢀ %*ꢀ OLQHꢅꢀ WKHQꢀ RQHꢀ RQ
2%-ꢉꢀ ꢀ,Iꢀ QRꢀ HꢀSURPꢀ LVꢀSUHVHQWꢅꢀ %*ꢑ2%-ꢀ PXVWꢀ EHꢀHQWHUHGꢀ DQG
UHFDOLEUDWHGꢀDIWHUꢀHDFKꢀSRZHUꢀXSꢉ
,Iꢀ'DWDꢀ/RFNLQJꢀLVꢀRQꢀꢇDQGꢀHꢀSURPꢀLVꢀSUHVHQWꢈꢅꢀWKHꢀUHVXOWLQJꢀFDO
GDWDꢀ ZLOOꢀ EHꢀ VWRUHGꢀ IRUꢀ UHWULHYDOꢀ RQꢀ DQ\ꢀ VXEVHTXHQWꢀ SRZHUXSꢉ
7KHQꢅꢀZKHQꢀWKHꢀ,&ꢀVXEVHTXHQWO\ꢀSRZHUVꢀXSꢀDJDLQꢀLWꢀZLOOꢀXVHꢀWKH
VWRUHGꢀHꢀSURPꢀVHWWLQJVꢀDQGꢀLPPHGLDWHO\ꢀUXQꢀZLWKꢀWKHPꢅꢀZLWKRXW
SHUIRUPLQJꢀDꢀUHFDOLEUDWLRQꢀRIꢀDQ\ꢀVRUWꢉ
%*ꢄꢀꢀ%*ꢀPRGHꢀLVꢀGHVLJQHGꢀWRꢀDOORZꢀPRUHꢀDGYDQFHGꢀSURFHVVLQJ
IXQFWLRQVꢀ OLNHꢀ ³SUR[ꢀ WUDS´ꢀ ZKLOHꢀ DOVRꢀ SHUPLWWLQJꢀ GULIW
FRPSHQVDWLRQꢉꢀꢀ%*ꢀRQO\ꢀUHTXLUHVꢀDꢀVLQJOHꢀFRPPDQGꢀWRꢀFDOLEUDWH
WRꢀWKHꢀEDFNJURXQGꢀOHYHOꢅꢀEXWꢀWKHꢀWKUHVKROGꢀOHYHOꢀPXVWꢀEHꢀVHWꢀYLD
WKHꢀ HꢀSURPꢀ DQGꢀ FDQQRWꢀ EHꢀ µOHDUQHG¶ꢉꢀ ꢀ %*ꢀ ZLOOꢀ DOVRꢀ SHUPLW
PD[LPL]HGꢀ VHQVLWLYLW\ꢀ ZLWKꢀ EDFNJURXQGꢀ UHIHUHQFHꢀ GULIWꢀ WUDFNLQJ
DWꢀ DOOꢀ WLPHVꢉꢀ ꢀ %*ꢀ PRGHꢀ ZLOOꢀ DOVRꢀ SHUPLWꢀ µPRWLRQ¶ꢀ GHWHFWLRQ
SURFHVVLQJꢅꢀ ZKHUHꢀ PRWLRQꢀ LQꢀ HLWKHUꢀ GLUHFWLRQꢀ ZLOOꢀ FDXVHꢀ D
GHWHFWLRQꢉꢀ ꢀ 2%-ꢀ DQGꢀ %*ꢑ2%-ꢀ FDQQRWꢀ SURYLGHꢀ WKHVHꢀ PRUH
VRSKLVWLFDWHGꢀIXQFWLRQVꢉ
,Iꢀ WKHꢀ,&ꢀLVꢀ DOUHDG\ꢀLQꢀ%*ꢑ2%-ꢀ PRGHꢅꢀVWHSꢀꢄꢀ ZLOOꢀQRWꢀWDNHꢀ WKH
XQLWꢀRXWꢀRIꢀ%*ꢑ2%-ꢀPRGHꢌꢀLQVWHDGꢅꢀVWHSꢀꢄꢀZLOOꢀVLPSO\ꢀFDXVHꢀD
UHFDOꢀ RIꢀ WKHꢀ UHIHUHQFHꢀ SRLQWꢅꢀ OHDYLQJꢀ WKHꢀ GLIIHUHQWLDOꢀ WKUHVKROG
YDOXHꢀIURPꢀDꢀSULRUꢀVWHSꢀꢊꢀDORQHꢉꢀꢀ$ꢀVXEVHTXHQWꢀVWHSꢀꢊꢀZLOOꢀWKHQ
VHWꢀWKHꢀQHZꢀWKUHVKROGꢀOHYHOꢀH[DFWO\ꢀDVꢀPLJKWꢀEHꢀH[SHFWHGꢉ
,Iꢀ WKHꢀ ,&ꢀ LVꢀDOUHDG\ꢀ LQꢀ %*ꢑ2%-ꢀPRGHꢅꢀ HYRNLQJꢀ 2%-ꢀ WKHUHDIWHU
ꢇUHSHDWLQJꢀVWHSꢀꢊꢈꢀZLOOꢀFDXVHꢀWKHꢀXQLWꢀWRꢀHVWDEOLVKꢀDꢀQHZꢀµOHDUQ
E\ꢀH[DPSOH¶ꢀWKUHVKROGꢅꢀZKLOHꢀOHDYLQJꢀWKHꢀUHIHUHQFHꢀOHYHOꢀDORQHꢉ
7KXVꢅꢀ RQFHꢀ \RXꢀ KDYHꢀ HQWHUHGꢀ %*ꢑ2%-ꢀ PRGHꢀ YLDꢀ WKHꢀ DERYH
ꢊꢆVWHSꢀSURFHVVꢅꢀ\RXꢀGRꢀQRWꢀQHFHVVDULO\ꢀKDYHꢀWRꢀUHSHDWꢀVWHSꢀꢄꢀWR
GRꢀ Dꢀ WKUHVKROGꢀ UHFDOLEUDWLRQꢌꢀ DIWHUꢀ HYRNLQJꢀ 2%-ꢀ DJDLQꢀ LWꢀ ZLOO
UHPDLQꢀ LQꢀ %*ꢑ2%-ꢀ PRGHꢀ DQGꢀ MXVWꢀ SURSHUO\ꢀ UHFDOLEUDWHꢀ LWV
WKUHVKROGꢀOHYHOꢉ
#ꢀ!ꢁꢁ16ꢁ<>34ꢁ34C08;B
,Qꢀ %*ꢀ PRGHꢀ WKHꢀ WKUHVKROGꢀ OHYHOꢇVꢈꢀ DUHꢀ WDNHQꢀ IURPꢀ 'HWHFW
7KUHVKROGꢀ>ꢃ@ꢅꢀZKLOHꢀK\VWHUHVLVꢀLVꢀGHILQHGꢀE\ꢀ>ꢄ@ꢉꢀꢀ7KHUHꢀDUHꢀDOVR
VRPHꢀIXUWKHUꢀLVVXHVꢀUHODWHGꢀWRꢀ'DWDꢀ/RFNLQJꢔ
,Iꢀ'DWDꢀ/RFNLQJꢀ >)ꢁE@ꢀLVꢀRIIꢀRUꢀHꢀSURPꢀ DEVHQWꢆꢀꢀWKHꢀXQLWꢀ ZLOO
SRZHUꢀXSꢀDQGꢀSHUIRUPꢀDꢀEDFNJURXQGꢀFDOLEUDWLRQꢀWRꢀVHWꢀLWVꢀLQLWLDO
UHIHUHQFHꢀ SRLQWꢌꢀ WKHꢀ XQLWꢀ ZLOOꢀ DOZD\Vꢀ VWDUWꢀ RXWꢀ LQꢀ %*ꢀ PRGHꢀ LI
'DWDꢀ/RFNLQJꢀLVꢀRIIꢀRUꢀWKHꢀHꢀSURPꢀLVꢀDEVHQWꢉ
,Iꢀ WKHꢀ ,&ꢀ LVꢀ LQꢀ2%-ꢀ PRGHꢅꢀ LWꢀ LVꢀFOHDUHGꢀ LQꢀ VWHSꢀ ꢄꢌꢀHYRNLQJꢀ %*
ZKHQꢀLQꢀ2%-ꢀPRGHꢀZLOOꢀDOZD\VꢀSXWꢀXQLWꢀLQWRꢀ³SXUHꢀ%*´ꢀPRGHꢉ
%*ꢑ2%-ꢀPRGHꢀFDQꢀEHꢀXVHGꢀRQO\ꢀZLWKꢀVHWWLQJVꢀꢃꢅꢀꢄꢅꢀꢋꢅꢀRUꢀꢁꢀRI
'HWHFWLRQꢀ 0RGHꢀ >'@ꢉꢀ ,Iꢀ VHWWLQJVꢀ RWKHUꢀ WKDQꢀ WKHVHꢀ DUH
SURJUDPPHGꢀ LQWRꢀ WKHꢀ HꢀSURPꢀ LQꢀ HUURUꢅꢀ WKHꢀ HUURQHRXVꢀ VHWWLQJV
ZLOOꢀ EHꢀ µPRYHG¶ꢀ WRꢀ RQHꢀ RIꢀ WKHꢀ OHJDOꢀ QXPEHUVꢀ ZKHQꢀ %*ꢑ2%-
PRGHꢀLVꢀHQWHUHGꢉ
,Iꢀ'DWDꢀ/RFNLQJꢀLVꢀRQꢀꢇDQGꢀHꢀSURPꢀLVꢀSUHVHQW.ꢆꢀXQLWꢀZLOOꢀXVH
VWRUHGꢀHꢀSURPꢀFDOꢀVHWWLQJVꢀRQꢀSRZHUXSꢀDQGꢀQRWꢀSHUIRUPꢀDꢀ%*
FDOꢉꢀ ꢀ,Iꢀ WKHꢀ %*ꢀFDOꢀ SRLQWꢀ KDVꢀ FKDQJHGꢅꢀLWꢀ ZLOOꢀ EHꢀQHFHVVDU\ꢀ WR
HYRNHꢀ WKHꢀ %*ꢀ OLQHꢀ WRꢀ UHFDOLEUDWHꢅꢀ RUꢀ ZDLWꢀ XQWLOꢀ Dꢀ 0D[
2Qꢆ'XUDWLRQꢀ H[SLUHVꢀ ꢇLIꢀ HQDEOHGꢀ DQGꢀ LIꢀ Dꢀ GHWHFWLRQꢀ LVꢀ LQ
SURJUHVVꢈꢅꢀ RUꢀ ZDLWꢀ XQWLOꢀ GULIWꢀ FRPSHQVDWLRQꢀ FDWFKHVꢀ XSꢀ WRꢀ WKH
HUURUꢀꢇLIꢀHQDEOHGꢈꢉ
#ꢀ$ꢁꢁ>19ꢁ<>34ꢁ34C08;B
2%-ꢀPRGHꢀLVꢀHQWHUHGꢀE\ꢀWKHꢀIROORZLQJꢀSURFHVVꢔ
,IꢀWKHꢀXQLWꢀKDVꢀMXVWꢀSRZHUHGꢀXSꢀDQGꢀLVꢀQRWꢀLQꢀ%*ꢁ2%-ꢀPRGHꢂ
(YRNLQJꢀ%*ꢀLIꢀDOUHDG\ꢀLQꢀ%*ꢀPRGHꢀFDXVHVꢀDꢀIXOOꢀEDFNJURXQG
UHFDOLEUDWLRQꢌꢀWKHꢀXQLWꢀZLOOꢀUHPDLQꢀLQꢀ%*ꢀPRGHꢉꢀꢀ,Iꢀ'DWDꢀ/RFNLQJ
LVꢀRQꢅꢀHYRNLQJꢀ%*ꢀZLOOꢀFDXVHꢀWKHꢀUHVXOWLQJꢀFDOꢀGDWDꢀWRꢀEHꢀVWRUHG
IRUꢀUHXVHꢀRQꢀQH[WꢀSRZHUXSꢉ
y
:LWKꢀ Dꢀ WDUJHWꢀ VLJQDOꢀ SUHVHQWꢀ ꢇWDUJHWꢀ SODFHGꢀ DWꢀ WKH
ERUGHUꢀ RIꢀ GHVLUHGꢀ GHWHFWLRQꢈꢀ HYRNHꢀ 2%-ꢉꢀ ꢀ 8QLWꢀ OHDUQV
WKHꢀFRUUHFWꢀWKUHVKROGꢀIURPꢀWKHꢀFXUUHQWꢀVLJQDOꢀOHYHOꢀDQG
HQWHUVꢀ2%-ꢀPRGHꢉ
(YRNLQJꢀ %*ꢀ LIꢀ LQꢀ %*ꢅ2%-ꢀ PRGHꢀ FDXVHVꢀ Dꢀ EDFNJURXQG
UHIHUHQFHꢀ SRLQWꢀ UHFDOLEUDWLRQꢅꢀ EXWꢀ WKHꢀ SULRUꢀ OHDUQHGꢀ WKUHVKROG
OHYHOVꢀZLOOꢀQRWꢀEHꢀDOWHUHGꢀDQGꢀ%*ꢑ2%-ꢀPRGHꢀZLOOꢀUHPDLQꢀLQꢀIRUFHꢉ
6HHꢀ³%*ꢑ2%-ꢀ0RGHꢀ'HWDLOV´ꢅꢀEHORZꢉ
,Iꢀ WKHꢀ XQLWꢀ KDVꢀ EHHQꢀ UXQQLQJꢀ DQGꢀ %*ꢀ KDGꢀ EHHQꢀ HYRNHG
SUHYLRXVO\ꢀꢃXQLWꢀDOUHDG\ꢀLQꢀHLWKHUꢀRUꢀ%*ꢀRUꢀ%*ꢁ2%-ꢀPRGH ꢂ
y
:LWKꢀDꢀWDUJHWꢀVLJQDOꢀSUHVHQWꢀDWꢀWKHꢀHGJHꢀRIꢀWKHꢀGHVLUHG
UDQJHꢅꢀHYRNHꢀ2%-ꢀIRUꢀ!ꢄꢉꢒꢀVHFRQGVꢀWRꢀFOHDUꢀRXWꢀWKHꢀ%*
PRGHꢀ DQGꢀ DOVRꢀ WRꢀ SUHYHQWꢀ WKHꢀ %*ꢑ2%-ꢀ PRGHꢀ IURP
EHLQJꢀ HQWHUHGꢉꢀ 8QLWꢀ HQWHUVꢀ 2%-ꢀ PRGHꢀ DQGꢀ OHDUQVꢀ WKH
FRUUHFWꢀWKUHVKROGꢀOHYHOꢉ
,Iꢀ'DWDꢀ/RFNLQJꢀLVꢀRQꢅꢀWKHꢀFDOLEUDWLRQꢀVHWWLQJVꢀUHVXOWLQJꢀIURPꢀD
SULRUꢀ%*ꢀHYRNHꢀZLOOꢀEHꢀVWRUHGꢀLQꢀWKHꢀHꢀSURPꢀIRUꢀUHWULHYDOꢀRQꢀDQ\
VXEVHTXHQWꢀSRZHUXSꢉ
)RUFLQJꢀWRꢀ%*ꢀPRGHꢀIURPꢀ2%-ꢀPRGHꢄꢀꢀ(YRNLQJꢀ%*ꢀLIꢀWKHꢀ,&
LVꢀLQꢀ2%-ꢀPRGHꢀZLOOꢀWDNHꢀWKHꢀ,&ꢀRXWꢀRIꢀ2%-ꢀPRGHꢀDQGꢀSXWꢀLWꢀLQWR
SXUHꢀ%*ꢀPRGHꢅꢀWULJJHULQJꢀDꢀ%*ꢀUHFDOꢀDVꢀZHOOꢉ
ꢊ
QUANTUM [ QUANTUM RESEARCH GROUP ]
